Desarrollo de un endulzante natural a base de yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius) y su evaluación sensorial / Development of a natural sweetener based on yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and its sensory evaluation

Fundamentos: El yacón se considera un producto prometedor que puede posicionarse en el mercado dealimentos funcionales, dado su valor nutricional representado principalmente por su alto contenido defructooligosacáridos. La obtención de un sirope de yacón agrega valor a esta materia prima, incentivando suproducción y consumo, no solo como endulzante de mesa, sino como materia prima para la industria e inclusocomo alimento funcional. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar las condiciones para la elaboración deun sirope de yacón, y mediante análisis sensorial realizar su descripción y valoración organoléptica.Métodos: Se definieron las condiciones para la obtención de sirope de yacón y se evaluó mediante pruebasdescriptivas y afectivas en un análisis sensorial con evaluadores semi entrenados.Resultados: Con un rendimiento de cerca del 10,0% a partir de yacón fresco, se obtuvo un sirope con 65°Brixy aspecto similar a la miel, en el que se destacaron aromas a miel, propóleos y caramelo. En las pruebasafectivas, utilizando una escala hedónica de cinco puntos, las mayores valoraciones fueron para los atributoscolor 4,8 ± 0,6 y textura 4,5 ± 0,7 y la menor para el sabor 3,2 ± 1,0.Conclusiones: Las características sensoriales y su aceptabilidad proyectan el sirope de yacón como un potencialalimento funcional comercializable. (AU)

Background: Yacon is considered a promising product that can be positioned in the functional food market,given its nutritional value represented mainly by its high FOS content. Obtaining a yacon syrup adds value tothis raw material, encouraging its production and consumption, not only as a table sweetener, but also as a rawmaterial for the industry. The objetive was to standardize the conditions for the elaboration of a yacon syrup,and through sensory analysis to carry out its description and organoleptic evaluation.Methods: The conditions for obtaining yacon syrup were defined. And it was evaluated through descriptiveand affective tests in a sensory analysis with semi-trained evaluators.Results: With a yield of close to 10.0% from fresh yacon, a syrup with 65°Brix and an appearance similar tohoney was obtained, in which aromas of honey, propolis and caramel stand out. In the affective tests, using afive-point hedonic scale, the highest evaluations were for the attributes color 4.8 ± 0.6 and texture 4.5 ± 0.7and the lowest for flavor 3.2 ± 1.0.Conclusions: The sensory characteristics and its acceptability project yacon syrup as a potentially marketable functional food. (AU)

Relationship between vitamin B12 levels and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean / Relação entre níveis de vitamina B12 e resistência à insulina em mulheres na pós-menopausa da Colômbia Caribe

Introduction: The high prevalence of low vitamin B12 serum levels has been recognized as a public health problem in Latin America; however, the current magnitude of this deficiency in Colombia is uncertain. Low levels of vitamin B12 can induce clinical and subclinical hematological and neurological disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a relationship between vitamin B12 deficiency and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, the role of vitamin B12 in insulin resistance has been poorly studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin B12 serum levels and biochemical and anthropometric markers related to CVDs and insulin resistance in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean. Methods: Correlational, descriptive study. By convenience sampling, 182 postmenopausal women from the medical consultation service of a health institution were linked. Serum vitamin B12 levels, anthropometric variables (body mass index, abdominal perimeter), and biochemical variables (glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, HOMA IR) were evaluated. Results: The average value of the vitamin B12 serum level was 312.5 ± 122.5 pg/mL (230.6 ± 90.4 pmol/L); 46.7% of the women had less than adequate levels of 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), and 9. 9% were deficient, with levels of less than 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L). The women with metabolic syndrome were 63.7%, and according to HOMA IR, 52.7 % had insulin resistance. A significant inverse relationship was shown between serum vitamin B12 levels with basal glycemic (P =0.002) and HOMA-IR (P =0.040). Conclusions: A significant inverse relationship between vitamin B12 levels and basal glycemia and HOMA-IR was observed. These findings highlight vitamin B12 deficiency in postmenopausal women and suggest nutritional supplementation.Keywords: Vitamin B12, Insulin resistance, Diet, Postmenopause, Cardiovascular diseases (AU).

Introdução: A alta prevalência de baixos níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foi reconhecida como um problema de saúde pública na América Latina, mas a magnitude atual dessa deficiência na Colômbia é incerta. Baixos níveis de vitamina B12 podem induzir distúrbios hematológicos e neurológicos clínicos e subclínicos. Na verdade, estudos epidemiológicos demonstram uma relação entre deficiência de vitamina B12 e doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs). No entanto, o papel da vitamina B12 na resistência à insulina tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 e marcadores bioquímicos e antropométricos relacionados com doenças cardiovasculares e resistência à insulina em mulheres pós-menopáusicas da Colômbia Caribe. Métodos: Estudo correlacional, descritivo. Por amostragem de conveniência, foram vinculadas 182 mulheres na pós-menopausa do serviço de consulta médica de uma instituição de saúde. Níveis séricos de vitamina B12, variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, perímetro abdominal) e variáveis bioquímicas (glicemia, insulina, perfil lipídico, HOMA IR) foram avaliadas. Resultados: O valor médio do nível sérico de vitamina B12 foi de 312,5 ± 122,5 pg/mL (230,6 ± 90,4 pmol/L); 46,7% das mulheres tinham níveis abaixo do adequado de 300 pg/mL (> 221 pmol/L), e 9,9% eram deficientes, com níveis abaixo de 200 pg/mL (148 pmol/L).As mulheres com síndrome metabólica foram 63,7% e, segundo o HOMA IR, 52,7% apresentavam resistência à insulina. Uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 com glicemia basal (P = 0,002) e HOMA-IR (P = 0,040) foi mostrada. Conclusões: Foi observada uma relação inversa significativa entre os níveis de vitamina B12 e glicemia basal e HOMA-IR. Esses achados destacam a deficiência de vitamina B12 em mulheres na pós-menopausa e sugerem suplementação nutricional (AU).

Neuromuscular Alterations Associated with COVID-19. A Scientific Literature Review

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought short, medium, and long-term consequences on the quality of life of those affected. Among the complications are those related to the involvement of the nervous system and the structures involved in body movement, with sequelae that may be transitory and/or definitive, and require rehabilitation. Objective: Identify the neuromuscular alterations that affect body movement, associated with COVID-19. Material and methods: A search was made for observational works published in the SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCO, and Nature databases between January 2020 and June 2022 under the PRISMA methodology, to answer the PICO question: what are the neuromuscular alterations that can potentially affect movement, associated with COVID-19? The established filters were type of study, language, age, availability, publication dates. The MeSH terms were SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, Long Covid, Motor Activity Neuromuscular Diseases, Neurological Disorders, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Myelitis Transverse, Stroke, Patient, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases. The methodological quality was evaluated according to STROBE and the level of evidence was established according to CEBM. Results: In the first search, 645 articles were identified. 637 were discarded by filters, titles, duplicate abstracts, methodological quality, and level of evidence. There were 8 articles selected for the present review in which neuromuscular alterations of central and peripheral origin were identified, such as myalgias, fatigue, polyneuroradiculopathies, CNS inflammation, among others, with clinical manifestations that affect movement. Conclusion: COVID-19 is a multisystemic disease that can affect the nervous system with symptoms of neuromuscular alterations that compromise body movement.

Introducción: La pandemia por la COVID-19 ha traído consecuencias a corto, mediano y largo plazo sobre la calidad de vida de los afectados. Entre las complicaciones se encuentran aquellas relacionadas con la afectación del sistema nervioso y las estructuras involucradas en el movimiento corporal, con secuelas que pueden ser transitorias y/o definitivas, y requieren rehabilitación Objetivo: Identificar las alteraciones neuromusculares que afectan el movimiento corporal, asociadas a la COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se hizo una búsqueda de trabajos observacionales publicados en las bases de datos SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCO y Nature entre enero de 2020 y junio de 2022 bajo metodología PRISMA, para dar respuesta a la pregunta PICO: ¿cuáles son las alteraciones neuromusculares que potencialmente pueden afectar el movimiento, asociadas a la COVID-19? Los filtros establecidos fueron tipo de estudio, idioma, edad, disponibilidad y fechas de publicación. Los términos MesH fueron SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, Long Covid, Motor Activity Neuromuscular Diseases, Neurological Disorders, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, Myelitis Transverse, Stroke, Patient, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases. La calidad metodológica se evaluó según STROBE y el nivel de evidencia se estableció según CEBM. Resultados: En la primera búsqueda se identificaron 645 artículos. Posteriormente se descartaron 637 por filtros, títulos, resúmenes duplicados, calidad metodológica y nivel de evidencia. Así, quedaron seleccionados 8 para la presente revisión, en los cuales se identificaron alteraciones neuromusculares de origen central y periférico, como mialgias, fatiga, polineuroradiculopatías, inflamación del SNC, entre otras, con manifestaciones clínicas que afectan el movimiento. Conclusión: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad multisistémica que puede afectar el sistema nervioso con síntomas de alteraciones neuromusculares que comprometen el movimiento corporal.

Caracterización de hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física en jóvenes de la Región Caribe Colombiana / Characterization of eating habits and physical activity in young people in the Colombian Caribbean Region

Introducción: Los hábitos de vida adquiridos y el mediouniversitario se convierten en importantes factores que influencian los comportamiento relacionados con la actividad física y la alimentación en los jóvenes.Objetivo: identificar los hábitos relacionados con las prácticas alimentarias y de actividad física en adultos jóvenes universitarios en el caribe colombiano.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal,en estudiantes universitarios de cuatro ciudades de la regióncaribe colombiana. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado, que indagaba sobre características sociodemográficas yacadémicas, entre tanto para cuantificar los estilos de vida seempleó el cuestionario PEVP-II. Para el análisis de esta publicación se observó la información correspondiente a las dimensiones nutrición y actividad física.Resultados: El 61,26% de los participantes fueron mujeres, el rango de edad con mayor predominio fue entre 15 y26 años, con mayor representación de estudiantes de lasciencias de la salud, de estrato socioeconómico bajo. El sexoguarda relación con los hábitos nutricionales asociados a mayor consumo de carbohidratos, azúcares, así como escasoconsumo de frutas y vegetales. Se observó relación entre elsexo y la escasa práctica de actividad física. Conclusión: la falta de hábitos saludables en la juventudestá dada por las conductas aprehendidas e influenciadas porel entorno en el cual crece y se desarrolla el ser humano enetapas tempranas de la vida. Es importante pensar las formasen que el ámbito universitario podría influir de manera positiva en mejores actitudes y comportamientos relacionadoscon el bienestar general del joven.(AU)

Introduction: Life habits have an important influence onthe environment in which the young person develops. Theuniversity environment becomes an environment thatinfluences behaviors related to physical activity and food.Objective: to identify habits related to eating and physicalactivity practices in young university adults in the Colombian Caribbean. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptivestudy in university students from four cities in the ColombianCaribbean region. A self-administered questionnaire wasapplied, which inquired about sociodemographic andacademic characteristics, while the PEVP-II questionnaire wasused to quantify lifestyles. For the analysis of this publication,the information corresponding to the dimensions of nutritionand physical activity was observed.Results: 61.26% of the participants were women, therange of age with the highest predominance was between 15and 26 years, with greater representation of of the healthsciences, of low socioeconomic stratum. Sex is related to thenutritional habits associated with higher consumption ofcarbohydrates, sugars, as well as low consumption of fruitsand vegetables. A relationship was observed between sex andthe low practice of physical activity. Conclusion: the lack of healthy habits in youth is given bythe behaviors apprehended and influenced by theenvironment in which the human being grows and developsin early stages of life. It is important to think about the waysin which the university environment could positively influencebetter attitudes and behaviors related to the general well-being of the young person.(AU)

Consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas, un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil. Revisión sistémica / Maternal use of psychoactive substances, a risk factor for child development. Systemic review

Introducción. El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en mujeres embarazadas se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública debido a las consecuencias que ocasiona no solo en la madre como consumidora, sino también en el producto de la gestación. Asimismo, el consumo de estas sustancias puede asociarse con algunas alteraciones en el desarrollo neurológico identificadas en la infancia, tales como los trastornos del comportamiento (trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad y trastorno del espectro autista), los trastornos cognitivos y las alteraciones sensorio-motrices. Objetivos. Realizar una revisión sistemática exhaustiva sobre los trastornos del neurodesarrollo infantil asociados al consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura científica en las bases de datos PubMed, ClinicalKey y ScienceDirect sobre artículos que hablaran acerca de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo asociados al consumo materno de sustancias psicoactivas durante la gestación y publicados en revistas indexadas en los últimos 10 años, con corte a junio 2021. Resultados. Se identificaron 357 artículos distribuidos así: 170 en PubMed, 150 en ScienceDirect y 37 en ClincialKey. Por criterios de exclusión se eliminaron 318, quedando para lectura completa 39 artículos: (18 de PubMed, 12 de ClinicalKey y 9 ScienceDirect). De estos, se excluyeron 32 por ser revisiones sistemáticas, ya que no son estudios primarios y se pretendía hacer la revisión sobre estudios de este tipo; por no contar con grupo control, y por tener desenlaces no relacionados con la pregunta PICO, quedando finalmente para evaluación de calidad siete artículos en los cuales los autores coinciden en que el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por parte de la madre durante la gestación constituye un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo infantil. Conclusiones. Los estudios seleccionados, aunque eran heterogéneos, permitieron identificar la relación existente entre el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en las gestantes y los trastornos del neurodesarrollo en sus hijos. Sin embargo, se recomienda seguir haciendo trabajos primarios que permitan obtener mayor evidencia científica relacionada con el tema o revisiones sistemáticas que incluyan estudios de un mismo diseño metodológico.

Introduction. The use of psychoactive substances in pregnant women has become a public health problem due to the consequences it causes not only in the mother as a consumer, but also in the product of gestation. Likewise, the consumption of these substances may be associated with some neurodevelopmental disorders identified in childhood, such as behavioral disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder), cognitive disorders and sensory-motor disorders. Objectives. To conduct a comprehensive systematic review of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal use of psychoactive substances. Methods. We searched the scientific literature in PubMed, ClinicalKey and ScienceDirect databases for articles on neurodevelopmental disorders associated with maternal use of psychoactive substances during gestation and published in indexed journals in the last 10 years, up to June 2021. Results. A total of 357 articles were identified, distributed as follows: 170 in PubMed, 150 in ScienceDirect and 37 in ClinicalKey. Due to exclusion criteria, 318 were eliminated, leaving 39 articles for complete reading (18 in PubMed, 12 in ClinicalKey and 9 in ScienceDirect). Of these, 32 were excluded because they were systematic reviews, since they were not primary studies and the intention was to review studies of this type; because they did not have a control group, and because they had outcomes not related to the PICO question, leaving seven articles for quality assessment in which the authors agree that the consumption of psychoactive substances by the mother during gestation constitutes a risk factor for infant development. Conclusions. The selected studies, although heterogeneous, made it possible to identify the relationship between the use of psychoactive substances in pregnant women and neurodevelopmental disorders in their children. However, it is recommended to continue doing primary studies that allow obtaining more scientific evidence related to the subject or systematic reviews that include studies of the same methodological design.

Material particulado y trastornos de los sistemas cardiovascular y respiratorio en trabajadores de diferentes áreas: una revisión narrativa / Particulate matter and disorders of cardiovascular and respiratory systems in workers from different areas: a narrative review

Introducción: la exposición laboral a material particulado puede causar enfermedades de las vías respiratorias, no obstante, la magnitud y frecuencia en la exposición podría también aumentar el riesgo de efectos adversos en la salud cardiovascular. Para los profesionales en el área, es relevante el reconocer este factor de riesgo y sus implicaciones multisistémicas a la salud del trabajador. Objetivo: analizar y describir la influencia de la exposición laboral al material particulado en el sistema cardiovascular y pulmonar en trabajadores de diversas áreas. Material y Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de bibliografía científica relacionada al objetivo de investigación consultando las bases de datos PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus y Ovid. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos de búsqueda: “particulate matter”, “air pollution”, “occupational exposure”, asociando con los términos: “cardiovascular effects”, “pulmonary effects”, “pulmonary function”, “cardiovascular desease” y “pulmonary desease”. Resultados: de 220 artículos potenciales se seleccionaron 50 artículos, de los cuales 10 exponen la influencia del material particulado en el ámbito laboral. Conclusiones: la exposición laboral al material particulado genera problemas de salud, evidenciándose mayor efecto en la disminución de la función pulmonar y aumento de la presión arterial, relacionado a la aparición de enfermedades laborales como asbestosis, silicosis, neumoconiosis, infarto agudo de miocardio y arritmias cardiacas (AU)

Introduction: occupational exposure to particulate matter can cause respiratory diseases, however, the magnitude and frequency of exposure could also increase the risk of adverse effects on cardiovascular health. For professionals in the area, it is important to recognize this risk factor and multisystem implications to the health of the worker. Objective: analyze and describe the influence of occupational exposure to particulate matter (PM) on the cardiovascular and pulmonary system in workers from various areas. Material and Methods: A search of scientific literature related to the research objective uses databases PEDro, PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Ovid was performed. The following search terms will be used: “particulate matter”, “air pollution”, “occupational exposure”, associating with the terms: “cardiovascular effects”, “pulmonary effects”, “lung function”, “cardiovascular disease” and “ pulmonary”. disease “. Results: out of 220 potential articles, 50 articles were selected, of which 10 expose the influence of particulate matter in the workplace. Conclusions: the main results are that the occupational exposure to particulate matter generates especially health problems, showing a greater effect in the decrease of lung function and increase in blood pressure, related to the appearance of occupational diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, pneumoconiosis, acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrhythmias (AU)

Relación entre asimetrías en diferentes pruebas de salto y lesiones musculoesqueléticas en futbolistas profesionales de Colombia / Relation between asymmetries in different jump tests and musculoskeletal injuries in professional football players in Colombia

Objetivo:el objetivo del estudio fue identificar la relación entre los resultados de las pruebas saltabilidad horizontal y vertical con la incidencia las lesiones musculoesqueléticas de miembros inferiores en futbolistas de un club de la liga profesional colombiana. Materiales y métodos:se realizó un estudio analítico, exploratorio, en 30 futbolistas de la nómina profesional del Club Deportivo Atlético Junior F.C. Al inicio de la temporada se evaluaron las características antropométricas, así mismo como la saltabilidad y asimetrías funcionales de las extremidades inferiores a través de pruebas de saltos verticales (CMJ y CMJs) y horizontales (3-Hop Test). El análisis consistió en la comparación los registros de las variables estudiadas entre los futbolistas con (lesionados n=11) y sin lesión (no lesionados n=19) en el transcurso del primer semestre dela temporada 2019. Resultados:en los hallazgos no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos en las características biológicas, antropométricas y de composición corporal (p>0,05). Derivado de los hallazgos en la saltabilidad vertical, no se observaron diferencias significativas en las asimetrías funcionales entre grupos (p>0,05), sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias en las pruebas de saltabilidad horizontal entre lesionados y no lesionados (p<0,01). Conclusión:de este estudio podemos concluir que, en comparación a los futbolistas profesionales sin lesiones, se encontraron significativamente mayores asimetrías funcionales detectadas a través de la prueba de saltabilidad horizontal en los deportistas con lesión.

Objetives:the goal of the study was to identify the relationship between horizontal and vertical jumping tests with the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in soccer players of a professional league club in Colombia. Materials and methods:an analytical, prospective study was carried out on 30 players from the professional roster of Club Deportivo Atlético Junior F.C. At the beginning of the season the anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated, as well as jumping and functional asymmetries of the lower extremities through vertical (CMJ and CMJs) and horizontal (3-Hop-Test) jumping tests. The analysis consisted in comparing the records of the variables studied between the players with (injured n=11) and without injury (not-injured n=19) during the first semester of the 2019 season. Results:no statistical differences were found between the groups in the biological, anthropometric and body composition characteristics (p> 0.05). Derived from the vertical jumping findings, no significant differences were observed in the asymmetries between groups (p> 0.05), however, significant asymmetries were found in the horizontal jumping tests between injured and uninjured players (p <0.01). Conclusion: from this studywe can conclude that unlike uninjured professional soccer players, there were significantly greater functional asymmetries identified through the horizontal jumping test in athletes with injuries

Correlation between physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women from Colombia Caribbean.

Postmenopausal period disturbances are more frequently observed in women with unhealthy lifestyles, insufficient physical activity is related to increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). There is a lack of evidence-based information on physical activity in postmenopausal women and its relationship with CVR factors, including D vitamin serum levels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the physical activity level in postmenopausal women from the Colombia Caribbean and establish relationships between the physical activity and biochemical and anthropometric CVR factors. METHODS: A correlational descriptive study in which 183 postmenopausal women were linked for convenience sampling. Level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire) and their relationships with anthropometric variables, blood pressure, lipid profile, glycemic and serum vitamin D were evaluated. RESULTS: According to the physical activity, 82.5% of women were classified as inactive, 9.3% as insufficiently active and only 8.2% as physically active. Physical inactivity was significantly related to higher glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol serum levels (P < .05). The prevalence of the women with vitamin D levels less than 30 ng/mL were of 69.9%. The women physically active and with eutrophic nutritional condition had more high levels of vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS: 82.5% of the postmenopausal women evaluated were physically inactive and this condition was associated with higher serum levels of glycemic, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Serum vitamin D concentrations were higher in traffic and physically active women.

Physical fitness, musculoskeletal disorders and body mass index in transport drivers from Barranquilla, Colombia / Condición física y molestias osteomusculares según el índice de masa corporal de conductores de transporte urbano de Barranquilla, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Sedentary work activities in urban transport drivers are associated with overweight and obesity, an increase in musculoskeletal discomfort related to work and a decrease in physical fitness. Objective: To determine physical fitness and musculoskeletal discomfort in urban transport drivers from Barranquilla, Colombia, based on their body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted in 231 urban transport drivers. Healthy physical fitness and presence of musculoskeletal symptoms were measured using the AFISAL-INEFC test battery and the Nordic Questionnaire developed by Kuorinka, respectively. Results: There were significant differences between drivers with normal BMI and overweight/obese drivers in abdominal strength and endurance (21.4±8.9 vs. 19.6±8.8 stooped, p=0.04), flexibility (36.1±7.3 cm vs. 33.6±7.1 cm, p=0.02), and aerobic capacity (1537.5±704.8 meters vs. 1249.1±346.6 meters, p=0.0001). Increased frequency ofmusculoskeletal discomfort was observed in subjects with BMI >25 kg/m2. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are associated with poor physical fitness and the perception of musculoskeletal discomfort, which has negative implications for the personal and occupational well-being of these workers, generating a burden for companies and the Colombian health system.

Resumen Introducción. Las actividades laborales sedentarias de los conductores de transporte urbano están asociadas a sobrepeso, obesidad, incremento de molestias osteomusculares relacionadas con el trabajo y disminución de la condición física. Objetivo. Determinar la condición física y las molestias osteomusculares de conductores de transporte urbano de Barranquilla, Colombia, según su índice de masa corporal (IMC). Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal realizado en 231 conductores de transporte urbano. Se midió la condición física saludable y la presencia de síntomas musculoesqueléticos con la Batería AFISAL INEFC y el Cuestionario Nórdico de Kuorinka, respectivamente. Resultados. Existen diferencias significativas entre los conductores con IMC normal y aquellos con sobrepeso/obesidad en los valores de fuerza y resistencia abdominal (21.4±8.9 vs. 19.6±8.8 encorvadas, p=0.04), flexibilidad (36.1±7.3cm vs. 33.6±7.1cm, p=0.02) y capacidad aeróbica (1537.5±704.8m vs. 1249.1±346.6m, p=0.0001). Se observó mayor frecuencia de molestias musculoesqueléticas en los sujetos con IMC >25 kg/m2. Conclusiones. El sobrepeso y la obesidad están relacionados con la baja condición física y la percepción de molestias osteomusculares, lo cual tiene implicaciones negativas en el bienestar personal y laboral de estos trabajadores y constituye una carga para las empresas y el sistema de salud.

Lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa en mujeres postmenopáusicas y su relación con factores bioquímicos y antropométricos asociados a riesgo cardiovascular / Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in serum of postmenopausal women in relation to biochemical and anthropometric factors associated to cardiovascular risk

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los valores séricos de la enzima lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa en un grupo de mujeres postmenopáusicas, y establecer su relación con factores asociados a riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal prospectivo, correlacional, que incluyó 56 mujeres postmenopáusicas en quienes se evaluaron variables antropométricas y bioquímicas (perfil lipídico y glicemia basal) asociadas a riesgo cardiovascular y se correlacionaron con las concentraciones séricas de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa. Resultados: los valores séricos promedio de dicha enzima fueron 7,89 ± 1,26 (g/ml. Las mujeres con valores de índice de masa corporal superior a 25 tienen niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa significativamente mayores que aquellas que tienen índice de masa corporal normal. No se observaron relaciones significativas entre los niveles de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y las variables bioquímicas evaluadas. Conclusiones: este trabajo es uno de los primeros que evalúa los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa en mujeres postmenopáusicas del Caribe colombiano. Se encontró una relación significativa entre los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y los valores de índice de masa corporal elevados. Se requieren nuevos estudios para entender mejor la relación entre los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas.

Abstract Objective: To determine the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in a group of postmenopausal women and to establish their relationship with factors associated with cardiovascular risk. Materials and methods: A descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study was performed that included 56 postmenopausal women. Anthropometric and biochemical (lipid profile and baseline blood glucose) variables associated with cardiovascular risk were measured, and were correlated with the serum concentrations of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. Results: The mean serum level of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase was 7.89 ± 1.26 (g/ml. The women with a body mass index greater than 25 had significantly higher serum levels of the enzyme than those that had a normal body mass index. No significant relationships were observed between the levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and the biochemical variables evaluated. Conclusions: This study is one of the first that has evaluated the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in postmenopausal women of the Colombian Caribbean. A significant relationship was found between the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and elevated values of the body mass index. Further studies are required for a better understanding of the relationship between the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Efectos agudos del ejercicio resistido en la lipemia postprandial de mujeres postmenopáusicas con sobrepeso / Acute effects of resistance training on postprandial lipemia in overweight postmenopausal women

Resumen Introducción. La magnitud de la lipemia postprandial es un indicador de riesgo cardiovascular, en especial en mujeres con actividad hormonal reducida. Los ejercicios resistidos (ER) podrían ser un factor que influencie las concentraciones de lípidos después de consumir alimentos. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos agudos sobre la lipemia postprandial de mujeres postmenopáusicas que tiene la realización de sesiones de ER de alto y bajo volumen, en comparación a un grupo control. Materiales y métodos. Después de una evaluación inicial (antropometría, perfil lipídico y fitness muscular), 32 mujeres fueron divididas aleatoriamente en tres grupos: uno con ER de alto volumen (n=11), otro con ER de bajo volumen (n=11) y un grupo control sin ER (n=10). 12 horas después de los ejercicios se suministró un compuesto nutricional hiperlipídico y se analizó la lipemia postprandial cada hora durante 5 horas. Resultados. Los diferentes volúmenes de ER no redujeron de manera importante los marcadores lipémicos (colesterol total, triglicéridos, LDL y VLDL) (p>0.05) ni aumentaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de HDL (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Las sesiones de ER no afectaron los marcadores lipémicos postprandiales, aunque sí mostraron resultados clínicos relevantes en los grupos experimentales (reducción de LDL-VLDL y aumento de HDL en momentos específicos).

Abstract Introduction: The magnitude of postprandial lipemia is an indicator of cardiovascular risk, especially in women with reduced hormonal activity. Resistance training (RT) may be a factor influencing lipid concentrations after eating. Objective: To determine the acute effects of high and low volume RT sessions on postprandial lipemia in postmenopausal women compared to a control group. Materials and methods: After an initial assessment (anthropometry, lipid profile and muscle fitness), 32 women were randomly divided into three groups: one with high volume of RT (n=11), another with low volume of RT (n=11) and a control group without RT (n=10). 12 hours after the completion of the training, a hyperlipidic nutritional compound was administered and postprandial lipemia was analyzed every hour for 5 hours. Results: The different RT volumes did not significantly reduce lipemic markers (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL) (p>0.05) nor did they increase plasma HDL concentrations (p>0.05). Conclusions: RT sessions did not affect postprandial lipemic markers, although they did show relevant clinical results in the experimental groups (reduction of LDL-VLDL and increase of HDL at specific times).

Efectos agudos del ejercicio resistido y concurrente en el perfil lipídico de mujeres postmenopáusicas / Acute effects of resistance and concurrent exercise on the lipid profile of postmenopausal women

El estado postmenopáusico se caracteriza por el aumento sistemático de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, incluyendo las alteraciones negativas en metabolismo de lípidos. El ejercicio físico ha demostrado efectos benéficos en la regulación de marcadores lipémicos en diferentes poblaciones, sin embargo, en mujeres postmenopáusicas no están bien dilucidados sus efectos. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el efecto que tiene sobre el perfil lipídico de mujeres postmenopáusicas la realización de una sesión de ejercicios resistidos (ER) o de ejercicios concurrentes (EC), comparados con un grupo control (GC). La metodología del estudio consto de una división aleatoria en tres grupos de 32 mujeres posmenopáusicas volunta-rias, un grupo realizó una sesión de ER (n = 11), otro grupo una sesión de EC (n=11) y un grupo control realizó ejercicios de flexibilidad (n = 10). Inicialmente fue evaluado el perfil lipídico basal, la composición corporal, el fitness muscular y se calculó la tasa metabólica basal (TMB). Fue evaluado el perfil lipídico antes, inmediatamente después y 12 horas después de la sesión de ejercicio especifica. Como resultados se encontró que entre los tres grupos, no existieron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol total, triglicéridos y LDL en ninguno de los momentos de evaluación (p > 0.05). El grupo EC disminuyó las concentraciones de VLDL 12 horas después de la sesión de ejercicios, en comparación al grupo ER y GC (p < 0.05); y aumentó significativamente las concentraciones de HDL con relación al grupo ER (p < 0.05). De este estudio se puede concluir que en las mujeres postmenopáusicas con sobrepeso participantes, el EC puede tener efectos agudos más favorables en el metabolismo de lípidos que el ER, prolongando su efecto hasta 12 horas después de realizarse

The postmenopausal condition is characterized by a systematic increase in cardiovascular risk factors, including negative alterations in lipid metabolism. Physical exercise has shown beneficial effects in the regulation of lipemic markers in different populations; however, its effects are not well understood in postmenopausal women. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of resisted exercises (RE), concurrent exercises (CE), compared with a control group (CG) on lipid profile in postme-nopausal women. Thirty-two voluntary postmenopausal women were randomly assigned into three groups; one group performed a RE session (n = 11), other group a CE session (n = 11) and control group performed flexibility exercises (n = 10). The basal lipid profile, body composition, muscular fitness were evaluated and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) was calculated before the study. The lipid profile was evaluated before, immediately after and 12 hours after the specific exercise session. The results showed that there was no a statistical significant difference among all groups in plasma concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL, in any of the evaluation moments (p> 0.05). After 12 hours of exercise session, the CE group decreased more VLDL concentrations than the RE group and control group (p <0.05). The CE group increased significantly HDL concentrations in relation to the ER group (p <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that CE had more favorable acute effects on lipid metabolism than ER, prolonging its effect up to 12 hours after being performed in overweight postmenopausal women

Relationship between Serum Vitamin D Levels and HDL Cholesterol in Postmenopausal Women from Colombian Caribbean.

BACKGROUND: Previous evidence suggests that metabolic disorders in postmenopausal women could be related with low serum vitamin D levels. For example, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly those related with metabolic syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between the serum vitamin D (25-OH-D) levels and the metabolic syndrome markers in postmenopausal women. METHODS: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 183 postmenopausal women of four municipalities from Colombian Caribbean. The serum 25-OH-D levels and the anthropometric and biochemical markers were assessed and correlated with metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: The average value of serum vitamin D (25-OH-D) was 26.34 ± 9.08 ng/mL, and 69.95% of the women had vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL, of which 43.72% were with insufficiency (<30 to >20 ng/mL) and 26.23% with deficiency (<20 ng/mL). Of the evaluated women, the 81.42% seemed to have metabolic syndrome. Through the linear regression, one significant positive association was observed between the HDL cholesterol and the 25-OH-D levels (P=0.014). CONCLUSION: In the evaluated population in this study, vitamin D deficiency is related with low HDL cholesterol levels.

Efectos agudos del ejercicio resistido sobre los niveles de Lecitin Colesterol Acil Transferasa en algunas mujeres postmenopáusicas de la ciudad de Barranquilla (Colombia) / Acute effects of the resistance exercise on lecithincholesterol acyltransferase levels in some postmenopausal women of Barranquilla (Colombia)

Objetivo: determinar el efecto agudo que tiene sobre los niveles séricos de Lecitin Colesterol Acil Transferasa de mujeres postmenopáusicas la realización de una sesión de ejercicios resistidos, comparados con un grupo control sin ejercicios. Materiales y métodos: dos grupos de postmenopáusicas asignadas al azar (n=10), un grupo realizó una sesión de ejercicios resistidos (8 ejercicios, 3 series a 15 repeticiones) y un grupo control con ejercicios de estiramientos. Inicialmente fueron evaluadas las características antropométricas, funcionales y el perfil lipídico de ambos grupos, en el protocolo experimental se evaluó las concentraciones sanguíneas de HDL y Lecitin Colesterol Acil Transferasa basales en ayunas, antes, inmediatamente y 12 horas después del ejercicio. Se realizó un control nutricional antes y durante la realización del experimento. Resultados: no hubo diferencias en ninguna de las variables antropométricas,nutricionales y del perfil lipídico antes del protocolo experimental (P>0,05).Comparando las medias de los grupos, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en ningún momento de evaluación de las concentraciones de HDL y Lecitin Colesterol Acil Transferasa (P>0,05). Conclusión: de forma aguda, los ejercicios resistidos no mostraron influencia sobre las concentraciones sanguíneas de Lecitin Colesterol Acil Transferasa en mujeres postmenopáusicas..(AU)

Objective: determine the acute effect of performing resistance exercise on serum concentrations of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl-Tranferase in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: two groups of postmenopausal women were randomized (n=10). The experimental group performed a resisted exercise session (8 exercises, 3 sets to 15 repetitions) and the control group performed a stretching exercises session.Anthropometrics characteristics, functional and lipid profile were initially evaluated in both groups. In the experimental protocol, blood concentrations of HDL and Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl-Tranferase were measured in fasted state, before, immediately and 12 hours after exercise. The participants were nutritionally controlled before and during the study. Results: there were no significant differences in anthropometrics variables, nutritionals, and lipid profile previous to the experimental protocol (P>0.05). No statistically significant differences were found on blood levels of HDL and Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl-Tranferase between control and experimental group throughout the evaluation (P>0.05). Conclusion: resistance exercise don't affected acutely, serum concentrations of Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl-Tranferase in postmenopausal women..(AU)

Implicaciones funcionales del entrenamiento de la fuerza en el adulto mayor: una revisión de literatura / Functional implications of the strength training on older adult: a literature review

El envejecimiento es un conjunto de procesos, inherente a los seres vivos, los cuales inducen a la pérdida de la capacidad de adaptación al ambiente mediante la disminución de la funcionalidad. Está asociado a un declive de las funciones de los sistemas osteomuscular y neuromuscular, convergiendo en el decrecimiento de todas las expresiones de la fuerza muscular, incluyendo la máxima, la potencia y también el tiempo de reacción. La capacidad funcional hace referencia a una cualidad multidimensional, sin embargo, para el aspecto particular de funcionalidad física, se considera como la capacidad fisiológica para realizar las actividades de la vida diaria de forma segura y autónoma, sin provocar agotamiento. Para batallar los fenómenos que promueven la perdida continua de la capacidad funcional, se requieren de estrategias que promuevan beneficios en los sistemas osteomuscular y neuromuscular, especialmente sí logran disminuir la velocidad de deterioro. Las diferentes modalidades de entrenamiento de la fuerza pueden constituir una estrategia adecuada para combatir estos efectos. El objetivo de presente artículo de revisión fue sistematizar las alteraciones del músculo esquelético durante el envejecimiento y las adaptaciones musculares derivadas de los diferentes sistemas entrenamiento de la fuerza en adultos mayores, con base a la literatura científica más conspicua. La síntesis de resultados justifica la importancia de la aplicación del entrenamiento de la fuerza para evitar la sarcopenia y optimizar la capacidad funcional en adultos mayores. Es de suma importancia el conocimiento sobre las particularidades musculares (morfológicas y neuromusculares) necesarias en la implementación de las diferentes modalidades de entrenamiento. Las adaptaciones proporcionadas por el sistema de entrenamiento reactivo, muestran mayores beneficios funcionales para los adultos mayores, cotejado con las modalidades de entrenamiento tradicional y de potencia

Aging is a set of processes, inherent of living beings, of which induce loss of capacity to adapt into the environment by decreased functionality. It is associated to a declivity of the functions of the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular systems converging in degrowth of all expressions of muscular strength, including maximum, power and the reaction time. The functional capacity makes reference to a multidimensional quality, however, for the particular aspect of physical functioning, it is considered as the physiologic capacity to perform activities of daily living safely and independently, without provoking exhaustion. To fight the phenomena that promote the continued loss of functional capacity, they require strategies that promote benefits in musculoskeletal and neuromuscular systems, especially if you manage to decrease the speed of deterioration, benefit the quality of life, functional independence and influence increased life expectancies. Both older men and women, the different modalities of strength training can constitute a proper strategy to combat these effects. The purpose of this review article was to systematize the alterations of skeletal muscle during aging and the derivatives muscular adaptations of the different strength training in older adults systems, based on the most conspicuous and relevant scientific literature. The synthesis of results justifies the importance of the application of strength training to avoid sarcopenia, dynapenia and optimize the functional capacity in older adults. Is paramount the knowledge on muscle characteristics (morphological and neuromuscular) necessary in the implementation of the different modalities of training. The adaptations provided by the reagent system training, showing greater functional benefits for older adults, collated with traditional training modalities and the power trainings

DETERMINANTES PARA LA PRÁCTICA DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS: UNA REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA / DETERMINANTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A LITERARY REVIEW

La actividad física hace referencia al movimiento corporal que genera gasto energético, su práctica frecuente mejora las funciones físicas y mentales; el transporte activo, las actividades cotidianas y la recreación corresponden a la forma más común de actividad física. En Colombia la mayor parte de la población es inactiva; los niños son más activos pero esta condición disminuye con la edad, y el porcentaje de universitarios que realizan actividad física es bajo. Está práctica está condicionada por la motivación interna, la condición física, la disponibilidad de tiempo y el soporte social. El gusto por el deporte, el espíritu competitivo, el mejoramiento de la imagen corporal, el manejo del estrés y los beneficios para la salud son factores motivadores para la práctica de la actividad física en estudiantes universitarios; por otra parte la pereza, el miedo a lesionarse, la escases de escenarios deportivos y la inseguridad del entorno son las barreras más frecuentes para la realización de actividad física en esta población.

Physical activity refers to the body movement that generates energy expenditure, its frequent practice improves physical and mental functions; Active transportation, daily activities and recreation correspond to the most common form of physical activity. In Colombia the majority of the population is inactive, children are more active, but this condition decreases with age, the percentage of college students who engage in physical activity is low, this practice is conditioned by internal motivation, physical condition, Availability of time and social support. The taste for sports, the competitive spirit, the improvement of the corporal image, the management of the stress and the benefits for the health are motivating factors for the practice of the physical activity in university students; On the other hand, laziness, fear of injury, lack of sports scenarios and insecurity of the environment are the most frequent barriers to physical activity in this population.